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It is one of the three short movies which we mention for with subject the island Cyprus. Producerdirector was Ninos Fenek Mikelidis. Both were produced, written and directed by the well-known scriptwriter and film director Nestor P. The first one it presents the life of that great self-taught folk painter of Modern Greece, Theophilos.
His work and all the characters around Theophilos who are real and they lived watching him create with fantasy and colorfully the most important historical events of his country. It was presented with beautiful camera work by Vasilis Konstantinidis and the creative imagination and poetic aspects by the director Nestor Matsas.
The film received an award at the festival of Rome in It is an anatomy of a human being's faith. Though it did not participate in the Thessaloniki film Festival in , it won an award at Rome's Film Festival in Director was Tasos A. Petris and director of photography and cameraman was Takis Venetsanakos.
The story is narrated by the actor Christos Katsiyannis while the original titles are made by the art designer Apostolos Th. The same year the director and cameraman Vasilis Maros participated at the Thessalonica film festival with his short documentary Kalymnos to Nisi Ton Sfougaradon Kalymnos the Island of Sponges Men. He presents in a skilful way the hard and dangerous life of those men in this island making a living by taking a risk every time they dive for sponges.
Every one of those men is full of dreams, faith, and countless courage every time they live their island for their daring work. Their work has a fortunate and rewarding, and for some an unfortunate side. The year the quantity remains almost the same.
However, according to Antonis Moshovakis, only eight short movies and one feature documentary were selected for competition. It is a colorful cinemascope for tourist advertisement about Greece, directed by Angelos Lambrou and Mikis Grammatikopoulos. They point out some presentday customs, some historical flashbacks for contrast, with good background music written by the well-known composers Mikis Theodorakis and Stavros Xarhakos. It is a documentary of classic theaters and temples.
To Alogo was directed by a new, talented, and self-taught director, Kostas Zoes. He based his story on the novel by Zaharias Papandoniou and caught the mood very realistically. There is a sentimental relationship between a farmer and his horse, upon which his livelihood depends.
The high point was when the Second World War started and the horse was taken away from him to be used in the war effort. Director Kostas Zoes treated this event very skillfully. It is well-made, realistic picture of the life and activities of the Greek community in the coal mines of Belgium and Germany.
The strongest massage on his movie is the sociological problem about immigration. The picture composition of the gray, depressed skies, and the dark piles of black coal, are very effective; it is a very well-written script, and the director's message are clear, effectively presented, and understood by all. Its plot is a sentimental study about a bored rich girl and her reaction after a short friendship with a young villager.
One short movie that it is funny and pleasant is O Kleftis The Thief , eighteen minutes long. It was produced by Nikos Varveris, written and directed by Padelis Voulgaris. A comic story of a young skillful pickpocket and a sharp policeman who is watching him in action in a crowded bus picking a pocketbook from an old lady. A few moments later, the policeman discovers that his wallet was missing with all his monthly salary in it. The performances by the stage actor director Alexis Damianos in the leading roll were very realistic and noteworthy.
It is written and directed by Giorgos Assariotakis who based his script on an anthology by the world renown and legendary writer Nikos Kazantzakis. The director Giorgos Assariotakis had a certain originality which became his trademark because of the way he handles his subject and characters. The good photography by cameraman Takis Georgopoulos, and the good acting by Stavros Christoforidis, as Alexis Zorbas, is notable. Its plot is a reminder of the bad times during the German occupation highlighting the most important events of that period.
The year shows the production of twenty six short movies and short documentaries. Only seven were selected by the committee for competition in the Thessalonica Film Festival. From the feature documentaries of the same year the most important one was Eleftherios Venizelos. Produced in and released February 14, It analyzes certain historical events in chronological order of the life of the great political figure, statesman, and diplomat Eleftherios Venizelos The movie in some respects is like the feature documentary 19 Tragodia Tou Ageou Aegean Tragedy , directed by Vasilis Maros in the year , but the director Lila Kourkoulakou placed greater emphasis on the personality and political activities of Elftherios Venizelos and his great efforts for a united and expanded modern Greece.
In the category of short movies and documentaries, which participated in the film, festival in only two won a prize. It is a short romance in the streets of Athens between a German girl, a tourist, and a circus strong man, who for a short period of time after meeting her lives in a dream world and after some episodes he is back to reality. A truly Greek subject with some Italian neo realism in it. The second one is the short documentary Prespes.
Written and directed by Takis Hatzopoulos, with good camera work by Sirakos Danalis. Kladakis, and Elias A. Directed by Fotinos P. In the year , of the twenty-eight short movies and documentaries that they were produced, eleven were selected by the Thessalonica Festival's committee for competition. As in the previous year, only two one short movie, and one short documentary won a prize. Their emotions and feelings gives the idea that they are influenced from their past.
It is a realistic presentation of the traditions in the islands of North Aegean Sea focusing on the young men leaving their homes to find work in the merchant ships of the world. Its plot is the life of Chrisoforos Nezer on stage with his performance in classical work and in cinema.
It is also a presentation of ancient theaters and psychological anatomy of an actor. Two more short movies were produced, written and directed by Nestor P. Matsas but were not participating in the domestic festival of He depicted with a unique and artistic way the life and work of the great sculptor of his time Yannoulis Halepas.
Its plot is a very sentimental subject about the life of a young blind girl who could see only through the eyes of her soul. The year it participates in the Festivals of Cannes and Teheran. In the director Vasilis Maros came up with his version of the movie Anastenaria Fire Walkers that a few years earlier in Roussos Koundouros had made the first one based on the same subject.
And if that was not enough, a newcomer the director Sotiris Sotiriadis made his version of Anastenaria, following later by the director, writer Nestor P. Matsas with his version of Anastenaria. It seems to us that all of them tried to keep that ethnological tradition and custom alive. One should note that in Athens , the Institute of Science Art and Letters of Paris honored with awards the stage and cinema actor Christoforos Nezer; the stage and cinema actress Miranda Myrat; the director, scriptwriter Nestor P.
Matsas; and piano soloist Maria Herogiorgou-Sigar. According to Kostas A. Linardatos, thirty-five short movies and documentaries participated in Thessalonica film Festival in Unfortunately he does not list all thirty five of them but only nine that were selected by the Festival's committee for competition. Produced, written and directed by Nestor P. Director of photography and cameraman was Giorgos Antonakis.
Narrator was the actor Demetris Myrat, and the music was written by Christos Mourabas. Ethnographers believe that they have lived in these areas for twenty-five thousand years up to our time. Also participates in Barcelona and San Francisco film festivals the same year The above documentary has been translated in twenty different languages.
Produced by Malte Film. Written and directed by Kostas Zoes. The director of photography and cameraman was Christos Mangos. The performance in the leading role by the young boy Panos Zoes son of Kostas Zoes , was very noticeable. The same year a new director Giorgos Belesiotis made his debut with a short movie Betonitis Ke Varitini Cement Mixer and Gravity , seventeen minutes long.
Since then he has been credited with a total of twenty short movies. The point that Angelopoulos wanted to make was not the Broadcast itself but the routine advertisement found in every country. His group searched the streets of a typical big city to find the perfect person, if that is possible. If that person is found, then award him or her with the benefit of spending a certain time or a day with a well known movie star.
In the movie, Ekpobi Broadcast there is the fast tempo in narration which is current in modern broadcasting. There is a popular critic who is the hero of the movie. It centers on his miserable life in a dream sequence, which contrasts his inner self with his public image. The producers were Stavros Tornes, and Giorgos Samiotis. The directors and scriptwriters were Stavros Tornes and Kostas Sfikas. In the movie Thiraekos Orthos A Dawn in Thera the picture composition presents such harmony and beauty of life in the islands, specifically in Santorini, how the industry of tourism has taken over but also the economic exploitation; whitewashed houses contrast with ever present poverty.
The director of photography, Giorgos Panousopoulos had accomplished a very good picture composition presenting the ugly and hard life of the people in that island and the natural beauty of the island itself. Both of the above short movies critically depicted each in its own way, the life of a contemporary Greek area. One was in the capital and the other in an island.
Both movies strongly present the concealing masks which people wear to cover reality. Schliemann , a German archeologist born in MecklenburgSchwerin, founded of the new branch of archeological science and laid the foundation of modern knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization. In while he was living in California, just when the state joined the Union, H. Schliemann became an American citizen. In he had established a successful business in St. Petersburg, Russia, that made him wealthy.
With the moral support of his Greek wife and his boyhood dream and love for the Homeric legend, he learned ancient and modern Greek languages. After he retired in with a large fortune he visited in the Greek islands Corfu, Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Asia Minor.
In he began excavations in Troy on the hill of Hissarlik, believing strongly that the city of ancient Troy would be discovered. He confirmed the Homeric legend by discovering many ancient treasures. Schliemann from to excavated successfully Ithaca, Mycenae, and Orchomenus. Director of Photography was Christos Magkos. It is written, produced, and directed by Nestor P. Its plot about the special ways of celebrating the Greek Easter in many small cities and villages.
The customs and folkloric celebrations are presented very colorfully along with the spring festivals in the natural beauty of Greece. In a total of thirty-seven short movies and documentaries were produced. The participated without competition. One should note Communication. The director Giorgos Latthat it is the third short animation movie inis depicts the life and behavior of a deaf since For the the Cowboy.
Out of the four short movies that were produced, written and directed by Nestor Matsas in three participated in the Thessaloniki film festival, two of them without competition. The first one was the short documentary Macedonia. It is a colorful historical and national folklore documentary for Macedonia, the country of Alexander the Great who was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia.
Its plot is a cinema essay depicting the variations of eloquent silence. The leading actor was Christoforos Nezer. Its subject is a cinematic research over the country for the roots of folk songs, from the antiquity to our time. It was not participating in the Thessalonica film festival. Its theme is the fight for freedom in his native island Cyprus, a fight that is probably lost from the start. However, the Cypriots continue to persevere in fighting for freedom and justice.
Although animation is not too common in the Greek film industry, one more animation movie was made. It is the short movie Ta Mallia The Hair , directed by Christian Sourlos who presents with humor a person's reaction whenever the thought of war entered his mind. When that happened, his hair stood straight up. Also in , in Los Angeles California, two short movies were produced, written and directed by Trifon P. The first one was The Dreamer based on a true story of two brothers from Mexico in One lived in Los Angeles and the other in Mexico.
After receiving a letter from his brother telling him how good he had made it in the United States, the young man in Mexico decided to go and stay with his brother in Los Angeles. Unfortunately, by not having any means of transportation, he left Mexico on foot and was later found dead in the desert area between Mexico and Los Angeles. The second short movie Image Exchange based on events of every day life in Los Angeles.
It is a story of a poor couple that unfortunately only the man works and their income is limited so they could not afford any other kind of entertainment except whatever television had to offer. By watching so much television, and for such a long time, and by getting very involved in the TV programs that they watched, they started seeing themselves on the screen instead of the leading characters.
In the magazine Contemporary Cinema established the first Pan Greek festi- val for short movies, a total of three altogether. The next year , Contemporary Cinema financed the production of ten short movies. In that group were some new film makers that disagreed with the commercial film industry and with the political situation of the junta which was in power from through According to Alida Demetriou p.
The year seems to belong to the producer-scriptwriter- director Nestor P. Matsas again. Out of the thirty-four short movies and documentaries that were produced that year, seven were produced, written, and directed by Nestor P. Out of the nine short movies and short documentaries that were selected by the Thessaloniki film festival committee for competition; two were made by Nestor P. It is a cinema journey of the History, Civilization, Art and the contemporary life in Crete.
It depicts the miracle of humanity by people working together in one small mountainous village. The fourth one was To Magiko Dendro The Magic Tree ; It depicts the cultivation of gum trees and in the process traveling throughout the island Chios of yesterday and today. The fifth one was I Megali Ora A Great Time ; through skilful editing, Matsas depicts the preparations for the revolution against the Ottomans, emphasizing the most important moments and persons involved in the fight for freedom.
The folklore short documentary To Prosopo The Face is based in the traditional mask made of wax that the dancers wear during a carnival in Boules celebration in the city of Nausea. The celebration is a participation of all people in the city with many Dionysian elements. Director Nestor P. Matsas presents the continuity of customs, going back to their primitive roots. It is the thirtieth documentary by the director Nestor P.
The same year a newcomer, the director Kostas Aristopoulos, made the short documentary Draki The Dragons targeting the political conditions of that period by making direct and indirect references to the dictatorship. However, his biases were very evident. The winner for the first Prize award in Thessalonikis film festival was the short movie Ssst!
It was his second short movie using the animation system. This time the director presented the contrast between the advertising world in newspapers and promises by the politicians. To present the theme, he used a poor family living the reality of life. In this short movie he was successful presenting the richness and beautiful work of Byzantine Art in Mount Sinai, Jerusalem, Mount Athos, and in other Balkan countries as well as Russia.
A total of thirty-five movies were produced in Out of those, only sixteen plus one without competition participated in the Thessalonica film festival. The winners for the first prize of short documentaries were Mani, directed by Ermis Vellopoulos, and Kastoria directed by Takis Kanelopoulos. The director Ermis Vellopoulos, in his documentary Mani, describes the well known but unusual area of Mani with its poor and difficult terrain and people struggling to service, their customs, and morals.
The evidence indicates that Takis Kanelopoulos had won the first prize for his short documentary Kastoria in the Thessalonica film festival in One should ask how it is possible the same documentary according to Kosmas D. Linardatos and Babis Aktsoglou 12 to receive the first prize in , and three years later to receive the same prize for the same movie. The only possibility is that it is a continuation and a different version of his first documentary under the same title Kastoria.
A total of sixty-one short and one feature documentary were produced. The most important one was the feature documentary Enas Eros Me to Mnimoskopio A Hero with Memory scope ; produced by Elias Pervades and Giorgos Filis, with the last one being also the scriptwriter and the director. It is a cry out by the Cypriot people demanding that the great powers to do what they preach and help them to establish justice and stop the violation of human rights.
This documentary received two awards in the Thessaloniki film festival; one for the best production and one for the best music award. For the short movies and short documentaries, the winners that year were the short documentary Adiexodos Impasse directed by Nikos Papathanasiou who received the first prize award. The first prize for a short movie with a theme was given to the movie Grammi The Line , written and directed by Yannis Koutsouris and Nasos Mirmiridis.
It was an original plot based on fingerprints, lines and symbols combined. Strangely enough, though it was presented in several international festivals such as Montreal, New York, Monte Carlo, Vienna, to mention only a few and received several awards, no movie theater in Greece released it.
For unknown reasons, distributors and theater owners rejected the first grade Greek short movies and short documentaries preferring second or third rated foreign works. In fact, as we mentioned earlier, there was a law since requiring the projection of short movies monthly, but that law was never enforced. Once again the subject was the bitter immigration to America of Greeks with their dreams, hopes, and disappointments in the beginning of the 20th century.
It used good editing to show a collection of letters, post cards and pictures that giving authenticity and clarity to the massage and obviating the need for dialog. As we will see later, the subject of immigration and its effects, particularly in rural areas, was used again by several short movies and documentaries in subsequent years. The cameramen were Giorgos Antonakis and Andreas Ahladis.
Though it was not selected by the committee of Thessalonica film festival because of censorship, it participated in Soviet Greek friendship festival in Moscow in and received an award. Its plot chronicles the history of the Greek folk song and its evolution for the previous fifty years.
The director Vasilis Maros in most of his movies had as co-workers Christos Triadafillou as assistant director, cameramen Giorgos Antonakis and Andreas Ahladis and Stavros Abatzoglou for sound recording. Because of censorship during the previous years, many short documentaries short and feature movies were rejected for presentation by Thessalonica film festival committee.
The following short documentaries and short movies were at first rejected because of their themes, but later were accepted for competition. Strangely enough, both of the above short movies and short documentary received the first prize when they were permitted for participation with competition after the fall of the dictatorship. Aliki Alexandraki received the Best Actress award by the Critics for her performance in the short movie Katathesis Deposition ; directed by Christos Poliyiannopoulos.
One should note that all the above Critics awards were funded by the producer James Paris Demetris Parashakis. One short movie that is a combination of sketches with live characters was Anthropos Ke Eftihia Person and Happiness , produced and directed by Theodoros Vamvourelis.
He gives a picture of different persons and the way every human been thinks, feels, and searches for happiness. One more historical feature documentary of was Dionisios Solomos, directed by Lila Kourkoulakou. She presents the activities and work of the national poet of the Greeks, Dionisios Solomos, in modern Greece who wrote the National Hymn.
The year started with some serious problems, at least in the committee of the Thessalonica film festival. With the fall of the Junta in the summer of , the producers demanded the resignation of certain members of the festival committee, claiming they belonged to the Junta. They also demanded the abolition of censorship and permission for participation for competition in the festival of all short documentaries and short movies like the feature movies that had been rejected by censors since the junta took over April 21, They also demanded the abolition of governmental trustees.
However, the evidence indicates that out of the sixty-four short movies and documentaries that were produced, 24 of them participated in the Thessalonica film festival, 11 for competition and 13 without competition. The director Apostolos Krionas with his short documentary Itan Mia Mera Giortis It Was a Day of Celebration presents again the subject of immigration and its effect in a small Macedonian village which was deserted.
In the same movie best short movies and best short documen- 26 theater were also presented the short documentaries and short movies that had been rejected during the junta years. In the Thessaloniki film festival in , the committee selected two feature documentaries Megara and Gazoros Serron. The feature documentary Megara, was written, produced, and directed by Giorgos Tseberopoulos and Sakis Maniatis, the last one was also the director of photography and cameraman.
This film attracted a lot of attention mostly because of its political theme. The camera shows the desperate efforts by the people of Megara population of about thousand to repeal the dictatorial decree and at any cost keep away from their city the authorities and their bulldozers. There were issues such as environmental pollution, the change of their quality of life, and most important their freedom. At first, the inhabitants were evicted by force.
All cultivated areas, including old olive trees, were uprooted. It is the first time a group of people went against the junta and won. The movie ends with the brutal suppression of the student uprising at the Polytechnic School of Athens. This film was shown, besides in the Thessaloniki film festival, in seven European 27 film festivals, winning two international awards. It was written and directed by Takis Hatzopoulos, while the director of photography and cameraman was Evangelos Eliopoulos.
Its plot depicts the life, customs and traditions of the city Gazoros, near Serres. It presents a picture of a typical Greek village, rural life, and problems resulting from domestic immigration. The main reason for immigration was the bad economy in the countryside and the dreams and hopes of the immigrants seeking something better from what they already had.
The first prize for short movie with theme the winner was the director Athanasios Netas for his short movie Afigisis Tis Antigones Antigone's Narration written by Alexandra Angistriotou. It depicts the adventure of a Greek Greek woman who comes to Greece from Russia and who brought with her a photo album containing her memories and a tape recording which contained narration by the director's grandmother. The winner of this award for the worse short movie was to Nikitas Silselis for his short movie Mi.
The year marks the production of several feature documentaries with political subjects. Before , there were some short documentaries which lightly touched on political subjects. After the fall of the Junta in , some liberal directors took the opportunity to express their point of view and their political condemnation of dictatorships. The year saw the production of seventy-three short documentaries and short movies.
In addition, the number of feature documentaries produced that year increased to eight, with six of them participating in Thessaloniki film festival. The directors were Kostas Chronopoulos and Giorgos Chrisovitsanos. The scriptwriter was Spiros Zahos, the director of photography and cameraman was Thanasis Skroubelos, while the music was written by composer Loukianos Kilaidonis.
The theme of their movie was based on the period during the dictatorship of Yannis Metaxas in the decade of 30' and 40's. It included testimonies of ex-political prisoners after the Civil War ended and the life in the concentration camps of Macronisos and Giaros. The movie is presenting the leftist point of view as a victim.
Since it does not show all the facts and events in details from both sides left and write wings of their political spectrum that way the viewer can decide on his own what went wrong and what was right. The second feature documentary with a political theme again was O Agonas The Strife ; Producers, directors, scriptwriters, directors of photography, and editors were 28 the group of six: Demetris Yannikopoulos, Elias Zaferopoulos, Giorgos Thanasoulos, Theodoros Maragkos, Fevos Ekonomidis and Kostas Papanikolaou, while the music was written by Fivos Ekonomidis.
Their theme was the struggle against junta during the last two years before its fall in July when the Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis took over. Though the whole movie was made up of several pieces filmed separately, with everyone of those six people every one filming on his own way some political events during the Junta period, a good editing mostly by Theodoros Maragkos made a movie with good continuity.
The third one was Mani with Sakis Maniatis as producer, director, scriptwriter, director of photography, and editor. It is a different documentary from the one that a few years earlier in Ermis Velopoulos had made a short documentary for the area of Mani under the same title. This time the director Sakis Maniatis goes deeper with his personal analysis of the political and social problems in Mani by skillfully uncovering the facts and the truth of the economical and political problems of the area.
She presented the historical development of this entertainment form from to One more feature documentary with political theme was Martiries Testimonies , produced by Nikos Kavoukidis and Kostas Pitsios. The director, scriptwriter, and director of photography were Nikos Kavoukidis.
Its plot starts with the first anniversary of suppression of the student uprising at the Polytechnic School of Athens, depicting the political events leading up to the uprising and the aftermath of the rebellion. That way the viewer can have as much as possible a general and clear picture of the social and political life of that period.
With this movie the successful director, with movies to his credit such as Stella, Zorba The Greek, the classic Greek tragedies Electra The last one of the feature documentaries and Iphigenia, this time his theme was a was Polemonda produced by Demetris modern Greek tragedy about Cyprus and its Pondikas.
Director and scriptwriter was Derape. Being a native of Cyprus, the pain was metris Mavrikios, the director of photography personal. According to Aglae documentary at its finest. AtMavrikos gives a clear study of the social tila' 74 is a moving, impassioned, involved conditions of the Greek minority in South documentary.
The farmers the tragedy of a divided land. D who laid duced in and released in Rizes destruction over the lands he conquered beTou Topoumas The Roots of Our Land , fore he was stopped by the Roman armies. Strangely enough, Turkish leaders labeled the folklore history-whatever is left of it.
He states that hundred Cypriots were butchered in cold blood and many are missing. What entire centuries could not afthorities treat even their own people. The director times. All the elements of this film: picture, Michalis Kakoyannis presents the facts with sound, and music are authentic in origin and his camera showing the horror and crushing locale. This documentary was dedicated to of helpless people defending themselves the persistent men and women who have 29 against the ruthless invaders who slaughter them.
Kakoyannis tried publicize the injustice heaped on his native island. However, the movie was generally ignored by the media. The strong punch lines, if they were more carefully selected the movie would have more impact and stronger influence. Director and scriptwriter, was Giorgos Filis. Director of photography cameraman was Kostas Natsos; editor was Evangelos Yousias, while the music was written by the composer Vasilis Tenidis.
Like Michalis Kakoyannis, in Attila 74, director Giorgos Filis gives a clear picture of the political machinery and how the island Cyprus was victimized by the invaders while the world watched helplessly. The message by directors Giorgos Filis and Michalis Kakoyannis are that the outrage that began in and continues to this day will never is forgotten. Like in all of his work, Nikos Koundouros shows originality. The atmosphere changes totally and very effectively of his main subject with the presentation of the funeral of Cypriot Doros Loizos who was assassinated.
Narrator was Christos Reklitis, himself a victim of the dictatorship. Koundouros used mostly songs and music. All of these performers are well established singers in Greece. The music was written by the well-known composers Mikis Theodorakis and Stavros Xarhakos. That was the first work of director Nikos Koundouros after seven years of self-exile.
All the above productions were based on the subject of the Cyprus tragedy. Then it was the short movie Simptosis Mias Diadromis Coincidence of a Running Through directed by Takis Davlopoulos and received the first prize award. It presents an allegory of a moving trolley bus going through a long historical ride. The director handles his politically sensitive subject with skill. Two of the four Cypriot productions received special awards although they participated without competition.
Then it was a humorist short movie but with strong messages Taverna The Tavern directed by Takis Papayiannidis. A new comer in was the director Menelaos Meletzis. He came out with his short documentary Gromeri Gromeri Village , presenting the customs of celebrating the second day of Easter in the Village Gromeri. Since to even with all the good production of short movies, for them to find a movie theater for release the problem remains the same, the doors were closed.
Unfortunately, movie theaters did not support adequately new filmmakers of short movies or short documentaries. In was a provision made for the movie theaters to release at list four short Greek movies a month, but that it was rarely enforced. Strangle enough particular the first run movie theaters they were releasing foreign short movies even a second grade instead to release a first grade short Greek one.
With these types of conditions the only hope for the short movies was the festivals, domestic and international ones, private cinema clubs, and television. But those places could not cover even the production expenses. Despite these problems, the number of short movies and documentaries increased every year. It was a successful development in this kind of movies, despite the interruption by the dictatorship During that period most of their subjects were ethnographic and the censorship very strict.
Some of the short or feature documentaries with a political subject they were not politically impartial. They presented only their point of view instead of giving the facts to the audiences and let them be the judge. There were also a few animated movies made. Among the new comers was Maria Hatzimichali-Papaliou. She was involved not only as a producer but also as a director. Its subject is cry for compassion, respect, better treatment by society and especially by the church, and a sincere effort to improve the lives of the blind.
In directed eight episodes, 10 to 20 minutes each under the title Macedonia, produced by the National Bank of Greece Tourism Organization. Most of her movies have participated in international film festivals.
In she was awarded the Greek Academy Award for her documentary Lucia. Its theme is the problem of Cyprus, the unfair invasion and the rape of the island by the Turkish Army. It also presents the problem of Turkish and Greek Greek Cypriots who became refugees in their own country and the Greek Cypriots missing due to the invasion.
They discuss the problem without taking sides and show that both sides are paying as long as the problem continues unsolved. They propose that a just solution will be to the benefit of everyone, especially the victims. Arkadi is one more feature documentary directed by Simeon Kapetanakis and is based on the heroic Cretan revolt and the critical event at the Arcadi monastery where the monks blew it up as Turkish soldiers rushed in to kill those seeking refuge inside. It is an exchange of let- directed by Nestor P.
It was filmed in ters between the Turkish poet Nazim and the twenty countries including Egypt, Russia, director Kostas Aristopoulos. It recounts the letters exchanged with people from Chile, Spain, Turkey and Rhodesia about their seri- life and activities of Alexander the Great who ous human rights violations and their struggle tried to united the world and educate them for freedom and democracy and also includes instead of conquering and enslaving them.
Voulgaris presented the historical events Used of between to , the involvement by King Constantine, and the perPedia Education , a feature documentary formance of Eleftherios Venizelos. Some exdirected by Yannis Tipaldos. It is about the pected a more heroic figure and others exproblems of education throughout the world. The In the director Nestor Matsas again subject is the trial of the dictators.
It is But there is a part of the movie a travelogue through history, myth, and art in for a reason not altogether clears the behavior Magna Grace, the colonies that flourished in of the Greek army during the Word War II, Southern Italy and Sicily. The subject is an analy- accepted.
The film is taking personal beliefs of the director and presents them as historical sis of Marxist philosophy and the involvement of foreign powers in Greek disputes, the fact, a not too uncommon occurrence in this period of Greek history. It examines the domestic kon Apeleftherotikon Metopon -National problems in policy which caused, among oth- Liberation Front. The director is searching to find In the well known director Lila out the reasons why their dream was lost.
The Kourkoulakou presented her second feature facts speak for themselves. The director igdocumentary Exodos Tou Mesologiou Ex- nores the atrocities by people such as Aris odus of Mesologi , an examination of the Velouhiotis, particularly in the countryside famous event during the Greek Revolution of where they used terror and Stalinist methods Not one of all the directors and writers who have made movies In , the director Pandelis Voulgaris on the subject of the Civil War mention the presented his first feature documentary Eleftherios Venizelos, a political biography tragic forced migration of 28 thousand children rounded up by the communists and takof the great Greek politician.
It covers the en behind the Iron Curtain for education and same subject as Lila Kourkoulakous documentary Eleftherios Venitzelos produced in training so they can be used later against their This time the critics and the politicians own country.
It is a journey to the sanitarium island of Leros and a study in the life of the mentally ill, the methods of their therapy, the tragic picture and the agony of their life. It examines historical events during the period from a leftist perspective.
This type of subject has burned over the Greek screen and audiences reject films of this kind as indicated by the very low ticket sales. It is based on a folk song under the same title. It chronicles the occupation of Cyprus by the British until the invasion by the Turks. A man who had left Cyprus for a while returned to his village in after the Turkish invasion and starts searching through the refugee camps for his relatives, among them his son and his wife. He feels like an immigrant in his own country.
At the end of this journey, unable to endure this tense and depressed state of affairs, he enters the occupied part of Cyprus where he finds the graves of his son and his wife. In several feature documentaries were based on the life of church saints.
One In Perseas is a feature documentary noteworthy documentary that year also was directed by Yannis Tritsibidas. It is based on Dominikos Theotokopoulos Kyriakos Thea reconstruction of the ancient myth using otokopoulos , better known as El Greco modern traditional elements in the staging. In El Greco moved directed by Gay Angeli.
It is a historical to Venice and worked there for ten years next presentation of the engraving art examining to the great painter Titian. Then for a short works in monasteries since the 18th century. There he creumentary directed by Eleftherios Haronitis. It ated masterpieces of religious art and other works which set him at the top tier of world examines historic church artwork in Mani, which is centuries old, but is now in a state of artists of all time. Several good short movies were made in It describes the 24 hours in the life and work of a film scriptwriter and his observations on human behavior and his psychological agony about the success of his work.
Some historical short movies and short documentaries were produced in It is a general historical review of Byzantine monuments in Attica, Argolis, and Thessalonica. In this, a man agonizes over the idea of the Parthenon Marbles when Minister of Culture Melina Mercury makes the case for their return to their original place. She examines the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages in Greece. The second one was Grecia Capta, a short documentary directed by Demetris Mavrikios.
It is a journey through the archaeological sites of South Italy in search of Greek ruins left there from prehistoric through contemporary times. Through the paintings of the artist, the director travels through the places that were relatAlso, the well-known work by the author ed in some way to the artist. Also, he analyzes the various writings of the artist, dwelling Psiharis To Taxidi The Journey , a short movie, directed by Nikos Hatziathanasiou on on what I should rather love, if I did not love the enigma?
The artist traveled and lived in the occasion of the th anniversary of this Athens, Ferrara, Florence, Munich, Paris, and literary figure of Modern Greece. The film goes back to the first village, Trimithi that the Turks entered when they occupied Cyprus in and through interviews captures the drama of the refugees who lost their homes and, in some cases, their loved ones. Now they cannot visit their homes but can only dream that some day they may get them back.
Eye witnesses bring out the drama of the war. The artist himself appears in the film and talks about his work, while shots of his pictures are shown. Also, places he lived and worked in are depicted on the film.
Despina is a short movie, directed by Sotiris Goritsas. It analyzes the psychological behavior of twenty-year old Despina who wants to get away from her oppressive father and the boring life in her village. She dreams In , two short documentaries were of life in the big city, Thessalonica.
After a while though, she faces the non. One was the short documentary disame oppressive situation with the soldier. Her thoughts are always the same and she must make a decision how to finally face reality. It is a historical review of the unique monasteries of Meteora and their unusual natural beauty. Good direction is very apparent in the execution of the film. The same year Politehnio Polytechnic School , a short documentary with a political theme directed by Theodoros Maragkos.
The film refers to the student rebellion against the dictatorship on November , accusing the authorities of mishandling the situation and using violence against rioting students. It is travelogue in a country that appears extremely backwards.
It does not take but a few minutes to see the hunger, the depravation, the back wards living standards, and the difficulties traveling in the country. In more developed south you see the influences of the Greek civilization in ruins of ancient temples and theaters.
In more backwards north, the living conditions are much more primitive. Very moving is the filming of the first free Christmas and interviews with and many local people. In also several good short award winning movies were produced. One with the most awards, both domestic and international, was Runaway short movie , directed by Spiros N.
One of the awards it received was in Germany where it was selected from among short movies as one of the 10 best. Its subject is young fugitive attempting to reach Flor37 ida to participate in a motorcycle competition. On the way he gets a job to raise the needed funds and develops a genuine friendship with his boss. It is about a kiosk man who spends his lifetime tending storks and preserving their nesting grounds. This documentary was filmed in Turkmenistan, southeast of the Caspian Sea and north of the Iran-Afghanistan border which is the confluence of several civilizations, including traditions brought there by Alexander the Great.
The film tries to recognize traces of the past in the surviving songs from the past. This is also where the Zoroastrian religion developed and flourished. Certain tribes of this area believe they are the most ancient people in the world and are convinced that they are the descendants of Alexander the Great.
The abundance of the archaeological evidence supports their claims. It Glendi Genethlion Mia Vouvi Valkandeals with the subject of children with special iki Istoria Birthday Party, a Silent Balkan needs and the mistreatment they suffer due to Story Directed by Fotos Lambrinos is a colneglect by the responsible authorities.
Through Each of the three main characters comes from their expressions and their eyes they send different countries: one from Bucharest, one many messages to the audience about their condition, the suffering and the willpower to from Constantinople, and one from Athens. All three of them were similarly oppressed by survive, even for a life of this kind.
The bottom line is Idiom Myth Idiom Myths a feature that, although they came from different sociedocumentary released in and directed ties, the similarities were more important by Lefteris Haronitis. It deals with the arthan the differences. The importance of a cave in Ida was of significant importance and The Naked Swimmer , a feature documentary directed by Mathios Yamalakis.
The in antiquity yet it has not been adequately explored till recently by archaeologist Yannis film concentrates on the theme that the holy island of Patmos where the Apocalypse was Sakellarakis under very difficult conditions due to the high altitude and the meager funds written is still greatly influenced by the monthat were available. The study and evaluation asteries and the ancient myths. The civilian of the finds unveil the scope of the Cretan, as population and the island economy are very dependent on the monasteries as they did well as the broader Mediterranean civilizamany centuries ago.
In addition there are the tion. Successful transition from telecommunications to electronic communications is a criterion for participation in the Knowledge Society. The new effort requires positive inclusion of the Greek society in the significant steps taken worldwide. Despite the great delay of our country to harmonize its legislation with the new European Regulatory Framework of Electronic Communications, EETT proceeded to a number of actions in , aiming at the prompt application of the new Framework, immediately after its transposition into the Greek legislation.
The new Framework application shall strengthen competition in individual markets and shall encourage undertakings of the sector to invest in technological innovations and implement the appropriate business strategies, in order to meet current demands of the Electronic Communications market. Finally, I would like to note that eventhough the Independent Regulatory Authorities are a new institution for our country, they have underlined the significance of their role in the operation of competitive markets to the benefit of consumers.
With its work, EETT has contributed to the increase of the social capital of confidence in institutions and has proved the State right for trusting EETT with important competences, great supplies and resources. At this point, I would like to thank the excellent staff of EETT for its ongoing efforts, the Greek State which ensured the necessary framework for successful efforts and finally, the family of European Regulators and the European Commission, which have contributed to the work of EETT through solidarity and team spirit.
Emmanouil A. Access to the Public Switched Telephone Network Fixed Telephony Fixed Telephony Tariffs Mobile Telephony Interconnection Mobile Telephony Broadband Services Broadband Lines ADSL Access Codification of Telecommunications Services V. Glossary IX. In parallel, EETT continued its multiple regulatory and monitoring work, on the basis of establishing competition in the telecommunications and postal market and of meeting the needs of consumers as regards quality and price of the provided services.
A brief summary of the major activities per sector, follows in this chapter. Olympic Games The role of EETT in the conduct of the Games was decisive for the successful and safe holding, as well as for the worldwide television and press coverage, through effective coordination and control of wireless systems and securing uninterrupted provision of telecommunications services.
The extensive use of a large number of wireless devices in geographically restricted areas e. Olympic venues and the increased needs to cover telecommunications networks in order to serve massive attendance of visitors, created large demands in radio spectrum and increased risks of interferences. Subsequently, cautious planning and organization were required to meet the needs of users and ensure the clearance of the radio spectrum.
In this light, EETT proceeded to the following actions: Made a detailed listing of needs and saw to the provision of additional bands in the cases were limited spectrum availability was ascertained. Particular emphasis was laid on the coordination of available frequencies in order to avoid harmful interferences, ensuring the smooth operation of the systems and at the same time meet new needs of users, even during the Games.
Designed and utilized -for the first time in Olympic Games- a special internet application, aiming at the fully electronic submission, monitoring and processing of requests. EETT was monitoring the radio spectrum, on a permanent basis, especially at the Olympic venues and the wider area of Attica, exploiting the advanced capacity of the National Spectrum Management and Monitoring System NSMMS to ensure immediate response to any interference.
Conducted a sampling control of the radio equipment to be used at Olympic venues, aiming at ensuring compliance with the provisions of the relevant radio frequency assignment licence. Elaborated an Emergency Operational Plan on the coordination of necessary actions for the uninterrupted supply of high-quality telecommunications services to users, and took proactive actions for the dissuasion of problems during the provision of those services.
Proceeded to the necessary actions in order to ensure that users needs in postal services of the sector are met by all undertakings. Telecommunications Sector EETT s, actions in recent years contributed to the establishment of competition in the telecommunication market, a fact that is reflected in an ensemble of indicators on market progress for The results of alternative providers and of the market shares they hold in traditional telephony are a characteristic example.
Interventions both at regulatory and monitoring-controlling level are critical components in this course. This turn was made identified in in Greece too. Moreover, the largest fixed alternative providers turned their interest to new services, such as free of charge, shared and additional charge calls, while at the same time they have been actively involved in the provision of broadband access and services.
The anticipated new Law on telecommunications to harmonize Greek legislation with the new Regulatory Framework of the European Commission is expected to constitute a decisive factor for the further growth of the market. Responding to the aforementioned developments and the market needs and on the basis of the existing legislative framework, EETT has proceeded to regulatory and monitoring interventions aimed at promoting and ensuring fair competition in telecommunications networks and services.
High priority was given to Interconnection issues and especially in the reduction of termination fees to mobile telephony networks and ensuring Interconnection services related to non-geographic numbers. Particular importance was also placed on the implementation of the regulatory framework with regards to the provision of Leased Lines by OTE, that is the operator with Significant Market Power SMP , the dealing with issues which arose in the implementation of Carrier Pre-selection, the promotion of Number Portability and finally the control and definition of the cost of OTE and MTC services that are under relevant regulation.
In parallel, EETT proceeded to market analysis for call termination to mobile networks and the communication of the relevant results to the European Commission, in the context of EETT s preparation for the prompt implementation of the new European Regulatory Framework and the adoption of the suggested relevant regulatory obligations immediately after the passing of the new Law on telecommunications, an initiative which was endorsed by the European Commission.
Moreover, EETT launched the project for the analysis of the remaining individual markets and continued the realization of the project which had started in for the collection of data from the Greek telecommunication market which will facilitate the analysis of the aforementioned individual markets.
Finally, the necessary Information Technology IT infrastructure was developed for the control and utilization of that data. The positive results of these actions are reflected in the significant increase of LLU and ADSL connections during the second semester of , which demonstrates the market s interest.
At the same time, the actions to promote the Internet were continued, with the launch of the Registrants- Registrars- Registry scheme for the assignment of Domain Names holding the [gr. EETT also proceeded to actions in order to deal with consumers problems and inform them about the provided telecommunications services.
Moreover, significant were the actions for the calculation and publication of quality indicators for telecommunications networks and services and the preparation of action plans to deal with emergencies which might arise in telecommunications networks. Radio Spectrum Sector Radio spectrum is a national resource of decisive importance for the provision of modern telecommunications services.
It is a scarce resource given that the total of frequencies that can be assigned to a specific geographic region is finite. Therefore, the method of disposing and the terms of its use are particularly important to ensure optimum utilization and maximization of users benefits. The primary goal of EETT for the year was, as already mentioned, the provision of a secure and reliable radiocommunication environment during the Olympic and Paralympic Game.
In parallel with the support of the Games, EETT reinforced its mechanisms for the integrated management and effective spectrum monitoring. Using this advanced system, EETT reformed and optimized the frequency assignment criteria, in order to ensure high quality of services and improve spectrum availability.
It also upgraded the operation of the National Antenna Mast Construction Registry NAMCR for the efficient management of antenna systems in the cases of collocation of two or more providers in the same antenna construction. The new monitoring equipment was integrated in the EETT operations and was fully commissioned immediately. Consequently, the response time to complaints for interferences was significantly reduced and the performance of an ensemble of controls throughout the Greek territory was made possible.
In parallel to the above, EETT proceeded to the necessary actions to ensure the use of legitimate equipment. More specifically, it specified and published the appropriate technical characteristics for placing on the market and use of radio equipment in our country.
It also communicated the interfaces of telecommunication providers, so that every equipment manufacturer could manufacture terminal equipment which can be connected and effectively used on any public telecommunications network. Postal Services Sector In the area of postal services, EETT focused in on the implementation of the new Regulatory Framework, the monitoring and control of the postal market, as well as the securing of consumers rights.
More specifically, the new Regulations on General Authorizations and Individual Licences, which had been issued in , came into force and created a more effective and flexible activity framework for postal undertakings. These Regulations established quality rules, both for Courier services and the deregulated Section of Universal Service US , aiming at ensuring market operation in a healthy competitive environment to the benefit of consumers.
During the year, EETT particularly focused on postal market monitoring, by performing regular controls on postal undertakings holding a General 13 12 Authorization. In addition, controls were intensified for the identification of undertakings which illegally provided postal services, namely without holding the required General Authorization or Individual Licence, were intensified.
In the cases of undue provision of postal services or illegal activity, hearings took place and the provided administrative sanctions were imposed. EETT also focused on resolving consumers complaints. To this end, EETT collaborated with the other members of the European Regulators Group ERG to the adoption of a common position as regards the suitable regulatory obligations which may be imposed on providers by National Regulatory Authorities NRA , on the basis of the new Regulatory Framework, which was published in April Also, in the context of the particular Group, EETT participated in the opinion-giving on the revision of the European Commission EC Recommendation of on accounting separation and regulatory costaccounting, while it took action, together with all European NRAs in identifying the appropriate regulation in the wholesale market of international roaming.
The general collaboration with the European Commission continued in , with EETT participating as an expert in relevant telecommunications, spectrum and post groups and contributing to the 10 th Report on the Regulations and Electronic Communications Markets in Europe. EETT also proceeded to the presentation of its experience and position in spectrum management and telecommunications regulation issues in a number of regional conferences and bilateral collaborations. Other Actions The particularly high requirements of EETT s work constitute as imperative the effective internal organization and its staffing with highly trained personnel.
For this reason, in EETT placed special importance in enhancing its resources with dynamic staff, able to meet the requirements of its role. More specifically, the upgrading of IT support with the creation of new applications e.
In parallel with the implementation of applications, mechanisms were developed in for the monitoring and improvement of information services provided to EETT users. In the context of the general strategic plan, the Operational Plan for was successfully implemented, while the strategic goals and actions for the years were set.
In parallel, quantitative information is provided, which confirm the positive results of EETT s interventions in individual sectors on the one hand, and the development demonstrated by telecommunications and postal services markets in Greece in on the other hand. Overview of Markets In the Chapter "Overview of Markets", series of statistical data regarding the telecommunications and postal services markets, are illustrated.
In the telecommunications services sector, from the general financial overview it is evident that the mobile telephony market keeps developing, contrary to the fixed telephony market which shows a decline. This conclusion is in line with the corresponding conclusions of the 10 th Report of the European Commission also see subsection for all member states.
In fixed telephony market, competition is enhanced. This arises from the stable increase of the shares of the alternative providers and decisively contributes to tariffs reduction to the benefit of consumers Telecommunication Services Financial Figures of the Telecommunication Market The specific financial overview of the Greek telecommunication market is based on the published balance sheets of licensed providers during Especially, for , the various financial figures are based on estimates, taking into consideration the quarterly statements released by those providers listed on the Athens Stock Exchange ASE , as obliged by the relevant for Stock Exchange registered companies legislation.
Moreover the overview is based on information collected by EETT on a sixmonth basis from licensed providers as regards turnover, investments, number of staff, etc. The Internet connections and revenues have significantly increased resulting to an upward trend of the Internet market. However, Greece, remains in the last positions of the EU25, as also stressed in the 10 th Report of the European Commission.
High growth rates can be observed in the postal services sector. As regards the Courier services market, was marked by a significant increase in the volume of delivered postal items. Equally important was the increase in the volume of domestic mail within the Universal Service US. The evolution of the Greek telecommunication market follows the general trends of the European market, as these are recorded in the 10 th Report of the European Commission.
More specifically, fixed telephony shows downward trends from on, which can be attributed according to the Report both to the compression of prices due to competition and the substitution of fixed telephony by mobile telephony. On the contrary, mobile telephony keeps growing at stable rates.
The total Greek market, as shown in Chart 1, measured on the basis of turnover, displayed an increase during the years 5. It is estimated that in both gross profits and total assets remained, more or less, at the same levels as in , with a slight decline of 3. Source: EETT, based on published balance sheets The evolution of the turnover namely all revenues of a provider during a year is shown in Chart 2.
It should be noted that the turnover of MTO exceeded for the first time the turnover of OTE in This is in line with the status in Europe, as it is recorded in the 10 th Report of the European Commission. The progress of gross profits i. As shown in Chart 4, MTOs gross profits displays a continuous and stable increase and is expected to exceed 2. It should be noted that the estimate of gross profits of OTE for is based on the following assumption: the annual rate of change in gross profits resulting from the published balance sheets for the nine-month period, equals the respective annual rate of change in gross profits based on balance sheets for the twelve-month period.
The gross profit of alternative providers is expected to exceed million euros being close to results million euros. The above progress of gross profits may be correlated to the low growth in the provision of access and broadband services, which according to the 10 th Report is one of the main growth gears of the European telecommunication market.
OTE kept its far-leading position with estimated total assets at 7. The MTOs kept developing their assets which are estimated at 4. On the contrary, alternative providers, following the boom of to million euros , remained rather stable in the next two years [ million euros in and million euros in estimate ]. This reduction is due to the increase of total assets mainly of MTOs, and secondly of alternative providers. It may also be attributed to possible transfer of assets by OTE to subsidiaries.
Source: EETT, based on published balance sheets Table 1 summarizes the information on which the conclusions above are based. Starting from the beginning of till the end of , Chart 7 reflects market potential in terms of Individual Licences. Furthermore, Table 2 illustrates the number of Individual Licence holders per activity, by the end of Chart 8 Source: EETT Evolution of General Authorizations Volume It is noted that the Individual Licence is required for the installation of telecommunications networks through public areas rights of way and the provision of telecommunications services, through the use of scarce resources i.
In this context, a provider may hold Individual Licences for different activities Table 2. A General Authorization is required to perform any telecommunications activity not falling in the scope of the Individual Licence. Fixed Telephony The competition in the fixed telephony services is enhanced, as shown by the increasing share maintained by the alternative providers Chart This share, is measured based on the volume of local, national, international and calls to mobile except dial-up calls and it reached for the first semester of at Chart 12 presents the evolution of the OTE share on outgoing telephone traffic 2, for the various types of calls.
In all types of calls, alternative providers increased their shares except for the dial-up calls in which OTE maintains its monopoly status. Chart 13 includes local, national, international and calls to mobiles excluding dial-up calls. Chart 14 refers to the same call-minutes volumes including dial-up calls.
These are the retail revenues, the call-minutes volume including dial-up calls and the call-minutes volume excluding dial-up calls sampled bi-annually. Each one of the above parameters is compared to the previous year corresponding value. A steady decline in the revenues and an upward trend in traffic is demonstrated. The latter is attributed to the dial-up traffic. The allocation of the fixed-originating traffic volume to the various type of calls is shown in Table 4 and Chart Fixed Telephony Tariffs Competition reinforcement resulted to further price reduction in fixed telephony subsection.
Charts 17 and 18 present the evolution of the charge of a Greek residential user OTE compared to the EU weighted average of former state monopolies in the member states of the EU. The comparison is performed regarding a 3-minute and a minute local and long-distance calls in the peak-hour. More specifically, in Chart 18 it can be observed that since August , the cost of long-distance calls has been reduced almost at half.
According to this methodology, the average cost is specified on the basis of a "bunch" of calls, which is defined by OECD, taking into account the basic tariff of the incumbent telecommunication provider of each member state. Based on the specific methodology, the annual residential user cost includes: a The fixed cost that contains fixed fee and installation fee for a new connection depreciated in a 5 years-time VAT included and b usage cost, i.
Regarding the non-residential user, the annual cost includes: a The fixed cost, that contains fixed and installation fees for a new connection depreciated in 5 years , VAT excluded, and b the usage cost, which is related to 3, national calls to fixed phone, calls to mobile phone and international calls. Charts 22 and 23 present a comparison between EU member states with respect to the average monthly cost for a residential and a non-residential user of fixed telephony respectively.
The cost in Greece is significantly lower than the average European one both for the residential 6 th more advantageous member state in from 10 th in and for the non-residential users 4 th most advantageous member state in from 6 th in This favorable image is differentiated taking into account the Purchasing Power Parities 3 of each member state. In this case Charts 24 and 25 , Greece is placed at the 13 th position for residential user cost and 8 th for non-residential user cost in it held the 14 th and 9 th position respectively.
Internet Based on information collected from licensed providers, the Internet market in Greece keeps growing. Source: EETT, based on figures of providers This increase is aligned to the upward trend of Internet connections reported by the licensed providers. The Internet connections were , by the end of the first semester of , while they were , by the end of and , by the end of Chart 27 Where H is a half-year period Source: EETT, based on figures of providers Moreover, an increase in the volume of dial-up callminutes to the Internet was performed reaching at 7.
This is attributed to the cleansing of unused Names, which was performed in the first semester of and resulted in the deletion of about 20, Names. Chart 31 shows the evolution of the total number of subscribers as it is broken down to prepaid and contract customers.
Mobile Telephony The upward course of the MTOs is attributed mainly to the high penetration of mobile telephony in Greece, that reached the The specific rate is calculated on the basis of active subscribers number which reached 9. It is worth mentioning the emerging market of Multimedia Message Service MMS which reached 27 million messages during compared to 6. Fixed Telephony Chart 34 presents the evolution of Interconnection volume.
This volume includes: calls collection from the OTE network and calls termination to the OTE network, on behalf of fixed telephony alternative providers. Both calls collection and termination showed a rapid increase, which reflects the higher competition in the fixed telephony market.
The reduction of termination calls fees, which is discussed in subsection , is expected to strengthen competition even more and lead to a further growth of Interconnection traffic. The specific chart presents the national and international Interconnection traffic incoming and outgoing for the four MTOs. National incoming traffic is the total traffic terminating to the network of each MTO, originating from the networks of other domestic MTOs and fixed telephony providers OTE and alternative ones.
Similarly, the national outgoing traffic is the total traffic originating from the network of each MTO and terminates to the other domestic MTOs and fixed telephony providers OTE and alternative ones. Likewise, International incoming and outgoing traffic refers to the total traffic which originates from or terminates to international providers. Chart 36 presents the yearly evolution of the aforementioned types of Interconnection traffic illustrating the continuous increase in Interconnection traffic from to Chart 35 Minutes in Millions 1, 1, Jan.
Broadband Lines Broadband access was launched in and it was significantly accelerated during Chart More specifically, the number of broadband lines was doubled in the last semester of and went 5 times up since the beginning of the year. However, this development does not compensate for the significant lag of Greece with respect to the other EU member states subsection.
Chart 37 70, Evolution of Broadband Lines Volume Broadband Lines Volume 60, 50, 51, 40, 30, 25, 33, 20, 17, 10, 10, 5, , 2, 0 June Sept. This increase was more than double during the second semester, while since the beginning of the year it has increased five times Chart The specific volumes are broken down to the various types of lines i. Unbundled Access to the Local Loop LLU grew in terms of the line volume, especially in the second half of As a result of this growth, the number of LLU lines reached at 2, by the end of , compared to by the end of Chart It should also be stressed that, while until March there were no Shared Access LLU lines, by the end of there were lines.
The specific development denotes the increasing interest of the alternative providers in LLU as well as the constructive effects of the respective EETT interventions. This can be confirmed by the increase in market figures, such as the volume of postal items handled and the number of the sector s employees. At the end of , undertakings compared to in were registered with EETT's Postal Undertakings Registry, holding a General Authorization for the Provision of Postal Services, a regime under which Courier services are mainly provided.
More specifically, 77 declarations for the provision of services under a General Authorization and 2 applications for Individual Licences were submitted to EETT in , the first already approved and the second still at the stage of evaluation. Moreover, the General Authorization is required for the provision of services not referring to any of the above cases, mainly being the case of Courier services.
Regarding the geographic allocation of postal undertakings holding a General Authorization, it is observed, according to Table 6, that Moreover, Finally, 1. Also in , the employees in Courier undertakings stood at 8, full time and 1, part time Universal Service Mail Traffic In the period , the volume of handled postal items under the US showed a continuous increase Price Index for 2 nd Priority Domestic Mail up to 20 gr. Focusing on Consumers In this Chapter we present EETT s actions for the protection of consumers, as well as the establishment of a proper mechanism to handle issues of concern, related to the telecommunications and postal services provided.
Also, reference is made to the various benefits arising from the establishment of competition in the telecommunications sector, emphasizing on the increase of offered options and the reduction in the cost of services. In this context, information is included as regards offered services in the telecommunication market, such as Number Portability. In parallel, a new application created by EETT, constituting a useful tool for the comparison of various programs and the respective fixed and mobile telephony tariffs, is presented.
Moreover, the actions of EETT are stated for the efficient implementation of the new Regulatory Framework and the control of postal undertakings, to safeguard consumers rights Consumer Service Sector was the second year of operation of the Consumer Service Sector CSS , its top priority being to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers of telecommunications and postal services. The main actions of the CSS are: Informing the consumers about telecommunications and postal services issues, such as the options and facilities available.
Consumers may contact the CSS either on the phone at , or in writing via mail, fax or. To facilitate consumers and provide full information, EETT has created a special Section on its website addressing consumers. This Section: Provides information about CSS and the methods in which consumers can address their enquiries or complaints about telecommunications or postal services. Enables comparative presentation of tariffs pertaining to programs of fixed and mobile telephony use of all providers.
Presents all the brochures issued by EETT with useful information about subjects of interest for consumers. As regards the Internet, most subjects were associated with the availability of those services and charges. Also, there was a large amount of requests of general interest mainly related to the options provided to consumers and EETT actions.
Consumers showed great interest in Number Portability of fixed and mobile telephony, and also Carrier Selection and Pre-selection. In fixed telephony, alternative providers strengthen their presence through the provision of various packages and services, thus increasing consumer options.
According to June relating data, consumers could select among at least 9 alternative providers. EETT promoted the consumer options through actions, such as the information campaign regarding the Number Portability and the creation of web-pages with comparative presentation of fixed and mobile telephony tariffs.
Moreover, consumers have increased options regarding broadband access to the Internet. In parallel with the options increase, consumers benefit from reductions in telephony tariffs. In mobile telephony, recent reductions in termination fees brought a significant financial benefit to consumers, since the corresponding reductions are reflected to the retail tariffs. Chart 48 presents the overall percentage reduction in termination fees for the period from August October The specific fee refers to a second call from a fixed to a mobile phone.
In , providers changed their pricing policies, introducing charge zones and special discount packages. As a result of these changes, prices were reduced for almost all calls, especially for calls to mobile phones. The pricing policy of all the fixed telephony providers is compared at two time-instants December and December The cost of the various types of calls local, long-distance, international calls and calls to mobile phones in the peak hour is compared.
The presented data refer to the basic programs of each provider. Special discount programs fixed or free call time were not included in this study. Chart 49 presents the actual cost of a 3-minute and a minute local call in the peak hour. Most providers charge per minute for the first two minutes of the call and per second after that period. It is also worth noting that, several providers use minute-based charges. Respectively, the cost of a 3-minute and a minute long-distance call peak hour is shown in Chart It is noted that regarding the specific calls performed in the peak hour, all providers charge per one second.
Chart 51 presents the average weighted cost of an 1- minute call from a fixed to a mobile phone for two time-instants December and The average weighted cost was calculated on the basis of the actual cost for an 1-minute call to all four Mobile Telephony Operators MTO , using some weighting coefficients. The specific coefficients are the market shares in terminating calls held by each MTO. The MTOs terminating call volume was calculated based on fixed providers originating traffic for the aforementioned periods.
It is noted that the cost of a call to mobile phone includes a minimum charge, which is in general 30 seconds, while the charging step beyond that threshold is usually per one second. However, there are not any significant differences in the countries "bunch" that compose these zones of each provider.
The CPI, which is calculated on a monthly basis by the National Statistical Service of Greece NSS , is used for the calculation of the general level of prices for goods and services purchased by the average household. The CPI consists of individual indices Sub-indices , which measure the level of prices for goods and services of certain categories. The specific service enables the consumers to select an alternative provider to permanently process one or more categories of calls international, local, longdistance and calls to mobile phones.
More specifically, the options available to consumers are: Option 1 1 : International calls. Option 2 1 : Long-distance calls and calls to mobile phones. Option 3: All call types. The penetration of the above service is shown in Chart The total number of carrier preselection lines exceeded , within less than 18 months from its launch. According to this Regulation, CPS applications submission procedure is simplified.
Moreover, it enables electronic or phone submission of the applications. In parallel, significant measures towards protecting consumers from unethical practices have been taken. Providers are obliged to jointly prepare an Ethics Code, which should also cover issues regarding their resellers' policy Number Portability Number Portability is an option available to consumers. According to this option consumers may keep their number while changing their provider. NP for mobile customers was launched on 1 st March signaling the commencement of a new period in the telecommunication market.
The commencement of the NRDNP use for the fixed telephony numbers performed on 1 st June acting as a catalyst for the growth of the specific market. This constituted an important limitation to the development of competition, since consumers who wished to change provider also had to change their numbers. Portability resolves this limitation and phone numbers are assigned to the subscribers.
Strengthening of the consumers position, since the consumers may select among the most advantageous services according to their personal needs. In order to attract new subscribers and retain existing ones, providers improve the variety, quality and prices of offered services. All fixed and mobile telephony subscribers may request NP including those having prepaid subscription whenever they wish, unless they have been subject to suspension due to unpaid debts.
Subscribers that wish to use the specific service, have to contact the new provider recipient provider. They submit an NP application and conform to the appropriate procedure in order to be connected to the new provider contract signing etc. The new provider is responsible to forward the application, to notify the old provider sender provider about NP as well as and the connection interruption and finally to take the necessary actions for NP.
The old provider checks the subscriber s identity verifying the agreement of information on the application. Processing of a fixed telephony NP application should be completed no later than 10 days from submission. In the case of mobile telephony the specific period cannot exceed 15 working days. The results of the specific Hearings are expected by the beginning of the next year subsection.
The NP fees that have to be paid by the subscriber depends on the commercial policy of each provider. Therefore, there are providers who do not charge subscribers in order to facilitate the NP. Moreover, providers may readjust this fee. In the case of mobile telephony, upon introduction of NP, the retail fees specified by the three largest MTOs were at 30 euros VAT included , while in December , i.
In the case of fixed telephony, the majority of providers does not charge consumers. The evolution of the NP application and activation volumes is shown in Charts 57 and 58, for mobile and fixed telephony respectively. Moreover, the Chart 59 presents the volume of NP activations per month. In the case of fixed telephony 2, applications have been submitted and 1, NP activations have been performed. According to information from providers, the observed differences are mainly due to inconsistency or lack of information between the old and the new provider regarding the applicant subscriber, which resulted to application rejection.
In December , EETT held an information campaign all over Greece through radio commercials towards informing the consumers with respect to their ability to keep their numbers when changing providers. It also created a special webpage where detailed information about the above issues is provided. The first indications show that the campaign contributed significantly to the increase of NP applications Universal Service The term Universal Service US means the provision of a set of predetermined, basic telecommunications services at affordable prices to all citizens in Greece, regardless of their geographic location.
In the context of its responsibilities, EETT had already specified 3 since those services that at least have to be provided in the framework of the US to the citizens. In the same specification the technical characteristics of the quality of those services are included. More specifically, these services are: Connection to the fixed public telephone network 4 and access to fixed telephony services, so that users can perform and receive local, national and international calls and make use of fax and data services.
Public phones, which can meet the reasonable needs of users, in terms of their volume and geographic coverage. Subscriber service. Free access to emergency services, using the code or other emergency codes. Special arrangements for disabled people or special social groups by means of free time, discounts, free calls, etc. Moreover, the USP must provide, among others, the options of selective call barring for outgoing calls, calling line identification and call diverting.
According to the report for, the situation by the end of the year was: 2, pending applications for connection to the fixed public telephony network due to lack or need for network upgrading. These systems are replaced gradually by the USP.
Table 15 shows the evolution of the aforementioned figures during the last two years. Table 15 Universal Service Figures Pending applications for connection to the fixed public telephony network due to lack 1, 2, or need for network upgrading. Subscribers volume connected to analog switching centers and therefore could not have all of 18, the network facilities. Subscribers volume who cannot have data services at speeds , 64, over 9. Volume of public telephones installed by the USP.
The main drawback is related to service provision and release of the Comprehensive Directory Effort is paid towards resolution of this drawback subsection. In the context of its responsibilities, during , EETT will continue its efforts to ensure effective provision of high quality telecommunications services at affordable prices for all subscribers in the country, thus contributing, to the social cohesion strengthening.
The new procedure is faster and more flexible. Moreover, the deadlines are shorter and less documents are required. The document forwarding can be performed electronically. Through this new scheme, every interested party can now register, renew or transfer 7 a Domain Name, addressing the Registrar of its preference. Applications are submitted in real time and forwarded for approval to EETT immediately through an online connection.
Furthermore, the Registry is the responsible agent for the management and operation of the domain [. Its responsibilities include, among others, the maintenance of databases with information about Name registration and assignment. A reference application is available at EETT website 9. The Registrar diverts the specific application to the Registry, which assigns a record number to it.
Within 15 days from application dispatch, the application for Name assignment is approved or rejected by EETT. The above amounts include the fees paid by the Registrar for the Registry operating cost The new assignment scheme respects completely: Consumers rights. Registrants Personal Data, given that publication of any personal information is not allowed without their consent. Third party rights, such as rights on brands, trade names, etc. Each affected party may intervene prior to or after the assignment of the Name, asking for its rejection or deletion, respectively.
Chart 60 presents the evolution of the volume of the requested and assigned Domain Names. Accordingly, Chart 61 shows the evolution of percentage assignment over the applications submitted. In the case of a Registrant change, a Registrar application must be submitted to the new Registrant, together with the approval of the previous Registrant and exchange of documents and data between Registrants. Lighter colors present applications volume, while darker ones present Names volume. Accordingly, the percentage of assignments started increasing gradually, reflecting the improvement brought by the new scheme of the Domain Name assignment procedure.
The effective operation of the new scheme will contribute to the further increase of the Names volume, the invigoration of the Greek Internet market and the maximization of the benefits offered to the users Presentation of Fixed and Mobile Telephony Tariffs on EETT s Website The deregulation of the telecommunication market created plenty of options, both in fixed and mobile telephony.
As a consequence the consumers often need to compare various programs and the respective tariffs offered. In parallel, through the sited hyperlinks, visitors can obtain information about charges applied to various call categories, and in particular about calls to fixed and mobile phones depending on the terminating network and international calls depending on the terminating country The fixed telephony Section provides general information such as monthly fee, privileged fixed fee, free call-time and other information reduced tariffs during certain days or hours or even calls to selected numbers, etc.
Moreover, visitors can obtain information about charges regarding various categories of calls and in particular local and national calls, calls to mobile phones depending on the terminating network and international calls depending on the terminating country.
In all cases, minimum call duration, charge rate, fixed call fee if any and charge per call-minute are presented. The latter may vary depending on call duration, as applied based on the time of call. The specific charges correspond to calls made during the peak hours Peak hour is defined in an individual way by each provider. Moreover, visitors may search for more information through hyperlinks to the web-pages of the fixed and mobile telephony providers and specifically to the webpages of the specific packages.
This application is a useful tool aiming at providing an overall and brief picture of the market, and facilitating consumers in identifying those packages and providers meeting their needs. One of EETT priorities is to enrich the presentation method as well as to improve the web-pages updating procedure.
Through our work: We ensure the access of all in a great range of communication networks and services.
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